Lists of age of acquisition for sounds in speech and common phonological processes are listed below:

Sanders ( 1972) Norms for Speech Sound Mastery

(Concerns arise when the child passes the age of acquisition and cannot produce the sound

or has numerous errors making speech less than 50% understandable in conversation)

Age 3: p, m, w, n, h

Age 4: b, d, k, g, y (as in yes), f

Age 6: t, l, r, ng

Age 7: j (as in jump), ch, sh, th (unvoiced as in think)

Age 8: v, th (voiced as in the) s, z

(zh is mastered later than 8)

Common Phonological Processes (Should not persist beyond age 5):

Final consonant deletion: says “ba” instead of “ball”

Syllable reduction: says “nana” instead of “banana”

Vowelization: says “ca” instead of “car”, “penso” instead of “pencil”

Gliding: says “wed” instead of “red”, says “syide” instead of “slide”

Cluster Reduction: says “boom” instead of “broom”

Doubling: says “ho-ho” for “horse”, says “wa-wa” instead of “water”

Initial Consonant Deletion says “all” instead of “ball”

Backing (not a common process): says “gog” instead of “dog”

Fronting: says “tat” instead of “cat”

Glottal Replacement: say “ba-tub” for “bathtub”